Abstract:  Graphene oxide shows great promise as a material for biomedical applications, e.g., as a multi-drug delivery platform. With this in view, reports of studies on the interaction between nanosized graphene oxide flakes and biological cells are beginning to emerge. However, the number of studies remains limited, and most used labeled graphene oxide samples to track the material upon endocytosis. Unfortunately, the labeling process alters the surface functionality of the graphene oxide, and this additional functionalization has been shown to alter the cellular response. Hence, in this work we used label-free graphene oxide. We carefully tracked the uptake of three different nanoscale graphene oxide flake size distributions using scanning/transmission electron microscopy. Uptake was investigated in undifferentiated human monocyte cells (THP-1) and differentiated macrophage cells. The data show clear size dependence for uptake, such that larger graphene oxide flakes (and clusters) are more easily taken up by the cells compared to smaller flakes. Moreover, uptake is shown to occur very rapidly, within two min of incubation with THP-1 cells. The data highlights a crucial need for cellular incubation studies with nanoparticles, to be conducted for short incubation periods as certain dependencies (e.g., size and concentration) are lost with longer incubation periods. 

Abstract:  Iron oxide nanoparticles hold significant potential for biomedical applications, with studies revealing that their size and shape influence cellular responses, including endocytic pathways, cell viability, and early apoptosis. However, systematic research on size-dependent effects across multiple cell lines is limited. In this study, well-defined iron oxide nanoparticles were characterized, and their cytotoxicity was assessed in four cell lines: HeLa Kyoto, U2OS, NIH 3T3, and J7442. The results showed that while cytotoxicity is dose-dependent and unaffected by small size differences (~10 nm), cellular uptake is size-dependent, with broader nanoparticle distributions being more readily internalized in some cell lines compared to narrow distributions. This study provides valuable insights into the size-dependent interactions between nanoparticles and cells, emphasizing the importance of nanoparticle size in cellular uptake rather than cytotoxicity within narrow size ranges.